Hasta La Ideas

Polygonal timber plates give this pavilion at the University of Stuttgart a skeleton like a sea urchin’s.

Top and above: photographs are by Roland Halbe

The pavilion was constructed for a biological research collaboration between the Institute for Computational Design (ICD) and the Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE), who also invited university students to take part.

Above: photograph is by Roland Halbe

Plywood sheets just 6.5mm thick were necessary to create the domed structure, which is fastened to the ground to prevent it blowing away.

Above: photograph is by Roland Halbe

The exterior plywood panels are slotted together using finger joints, in the same way as minute protrusions of a sea urchin’s shell plates notch into one another.

Photography is by ICD/ITKE, apart from where otherwise stated.

Here’s a more technical description from the researchers:

ICD/ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2011

In summer 2011 the Institute for Computational Design (ICD) and the Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE), together with students at the University of Stuttgart have realized a temporary, bionic research pavilion made of wood at the intersection of teaching and research. The project explores the architectural transfer of biological principles of the sea urchin’s plate skeleton morphology by means of novel computer-based design and simulation methods, along with computer-controlled manufacturing methods for its building implementation. A particular innovation consists in the possibility of effectively extending the recognized bionic principles and related performance to a range of different geometries through computational processes, which is demonstrated by the fact that the complex morphology of the pavilion could be built exclusively with extremely thin sheets of plywood (6.5 mm).

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM

The project aims at integrating the performative capacity of biological structures into architectural design and at testing the resulting spatial and structural material-systems in full scale. The focus was set on the development of a modular system which allows a high degree of adaptability and performance due to the geometric differentiation of its plate components and robotically fabricated finger joints. During the analysis of different biological structures, the plate skeleton morphology of the sand dollar, a sub-species of the sea urchin (Echinoidea), became of particular interest and subsequently provided the basic principles of the bionic structure that was realized.

The skeletal shell of the sand dollar is a modular system of polygonal plates, which are linked together at the edges by finger-like calcite protrusions. High load bearing capacity is achieved by the particular geometric arrangement of the plates and their joining system. Therefore, the sand dollar serves as a most fitting model for shells made of prefabricated elements. Similarly, the traditional finger-joints typically used in carpentry as connection elements, can be seen as the technical equivalent of the sand dollar’s calcite protrusions.

MORPHOLOGY TRANSFER

Following the analysis of the sand dollar, the morphology of its plate structure was integrated in the design of a pavilion. Three plate edges always meet together at just one point, a principle which enables the transmission of normal and shear forces but no bending moments between the joints, thus resulting in a bending bearing but yet deformable structure.

Unlike traditional lightweight construction, which can only be applied to load optimized shapes, this new design principle can be applied to a wide range of custom geometry. The high lightweight potential of this approach is evident as the pavilion that could be built out of 6.5 mm thin sheets of plywood only, despite its considerable size. Therefore it even needed anchoring to the ground to resist wind suction loads.

Besides these constructional and organizational principles, other fundamental properties of biological structures are applied in the computational design process of the project:

Heterogeneity: The cell sizes are not constant, but adapt to local curvature and discontinuities. In the areas of small curvature the central cells are more than two meters tall, while at the edge they only reach half a meter.

Anisotropy: The pavilion is a directional structure. The cells stretch and orient themselves according to mechanical stresses.

Hierarchy: The pavilion is organized as a two-level hierarchical structure. On the first level, the finger joints of the plywood sheets are glued together to form a cell. On the second hierarchical level, a simple screw connection joins the cells together, allowing the assembling and disassembling of the pavilion. Within each hierarchical level only three plates – respectively three edges – meet exclusively at one point, therefore assuring bendable edges for both levels.

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN AND ROBOTIC PRODUCTION

A requirement for the design, development and realization of the complex morphology of the pavilion is a closed, digital information loop between the project’s model, finite element simulations and computer numeric machine control. Form finding and structural design are closely interlinked. An optimized data exchange scheme made it possible to repeatedly read the complex geometry into a finite element program to analyze and modify the critical points of the model. In parallel, the glued and bolted joints were tested experimentally and the results included in the structural calculations.

The plates and finger joints of each cell were produced with the university’s robotic fabrication system. Employing custom programmed routines the computational model provided the basis for the automatic generation of the machine code (NC-Code) for the control of an industrial seven-axis robot. This enabled the economical production of more than 850 geometrically different components, as well as more than 100,000 finger joints freely arranged in space. Following the robotic production, the plywood panels were joined together to form the cells. The assembly of the prefabricated modules was carried out at the city campus of the University of Stuttgart. All design, research, fabrication and construction work were carried out jointly by students and faculty researchers.

The research pavilion offered the opportunity to investigate methods of modular bionic construction using freeform surfaces representing different geometric characteristics while developing two distinct spatial entities: one large interior space with a porous inner layer and a big opening, facing the public square between the University’s buildings, and a smaller interstitial space enveloped between the two layers that exhibits the constructive logic of the double layer shell.

PROJECT TEAM

Institute for Computational Design – Prof. AA Dipl.(Hons) Achim Menges Achim Menges
Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design – Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Knippers
Competence Network Biomimetics Baden-Württemberg

CONCEPT & PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
Oliver David Krieg, Boyan Mihaylov

PLANNING & REALISATION
Peter Brachat, Benjamin Busch, Solmaz Fahimian, Christin Gegenheimer, Nicola Haberbosch, Elias Kästle, Oliver David Krieg, Yong Sung Kwon, Boyan Mihaylov, Hongmei Zhai

SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
Markus Gabler (project management), Riccardo La Magna (structural design), Steffen Reichert (detailing), Tobias Schwinn (project management), Frédéric Waimer (structural design)

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PROJECT SPONSORS

Main sponsors: KUKA Roboter GmbH, Ochs GmbH
Sponsors: KST2 Systemtechnik GmbH, Landesbetrieb Forst Baden-Württemberg (ForstBW), Stiftungen LBBW, Leitz GmbH & Co. KG, MüllerBlaustein Holzbau GmbH, Hermann Rothfuss Bauunternehmung GmbH & Co., Ullrich & Schön GmbH, Holzhandlung Wider GmbH & Co. KG

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PROJECT DATA

Address Keplerstr. 11-17, 70174 Stuttgart
Date of completion: August 2011

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Surface: 72m²
Volume: 200m³
Material: 275 m² Birch plywood 6,5mm Sheet thickness

See also:

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Pavilion by Alan Dempsey and Alvin Huang	Swoosh Pavilion at the Architectural Association	The Termite Pavilion at Pestival

Voici ce court-métrage d’animation intitulée “The Last Train” dans le cadre de The Animation Hub, une collaboration des étudiants de l’école Irish School of Animation (ISA). Une belle production du studio Giant Creative. A découvrir en vidéo HD dans la suite de l’article.

Previously on Fubiz

• Spaceport America
• Bolshoi Theatre Identity
• Ayada Maldives

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A rounded wall of recycled clay tiles converges with walls of white bricks at this village house in Sussex, England.

London studio Adam Richards Architects designed the two-storey house, named Mission Hall, which is situated beneath the branch canopy of an oak tree.

Rows of flowerbeds in the rear garden conceal a network of pipes, which harvest rainwater for reuse, and a ground-sourced heat pump that warms the house.

Bedrooms occupy the ground floor of the building, while living rooms are located upstairs.

Other English houses we’ve featured on Dezeen include a shingle clad holiday home in Kent and a family home of converted warehouses in Bath.

Photography is by Tim Brotherton & Katie Lock.

Here’s some more text from Adam Richards Architects:

Mission Hall

Mission Hall is a new, sustainable contemporary house in Sussex.

It was built on a very tight village site for a couple who love to cook and entertain, and one of whom works from home.

Sitting under the canopy of a mature oak tree, the complex form of this house and its rich palette of materials, including white brick and re-used tiles, reflect its rural setting.

The cave-like atmosphere of the ground floor bedrooms heightens the contrast with the light, airy living spaces above, which enjoy spectacular views across open country from under the house’s undulating roof-scape.

The design extends into the garden, where a strip of planted beds defines the underground routes of pipes for rainwater collection and the ground source heat pump.

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UR22 by Vincent Snyder Architects	Flint House by Nick Willson Architects	Coldwater Studio by Casey Hughes Architects