This object falls into the category of “I’m sad this exists, but I understand why it does.” With Swan, industrial designer Oneseo (a/k/a Wonseo Choi) addresses the fact that many people, particularly in his home country of South Korea, eat their meals while staring into a smartphone.
“What should a smartphone stand meant for the dining table look like?” he asks. “We feel a design that would harmonize well with tableware culture was appropriate. To this end, we tried to provide aesthetic unity by applying formative language and materials common to tableware.”
“It was inspired by the shape of a spoon, a unique shape of tableware. We did sketches to express the shape of the spoon and did mock-ups to find the angle and height suitable for use on the table.”
In the end, I find the object pleasant to look at, and the application abhorrent. An “A” for execution, and an “F” for society.
Dezeen Showroom: Z-Bar Gen 4 is a minimalist lamp with flexible joints that users can shape into angular silhouettes, designed by Kenneth Ng and Edmund Ng for lighting brand Koncept.
Created as an improved version of the brand’s original Z-Bar lamp, Z-Bar Gen 4 has hidden joint mechanisms that have a greater range of movement.
When not in use, the flexible joints allow users to fold the lamp down into a slim stick to save space.
The Z-Bar Gen 4 has flexible joints that let the users shape the light themselves
Koncept created Z-Bar Gen 4 to have an improved quality of light compared to the earlier version. “The optics have been improved so that multiple, harsh shadows are avoided; instead the user gets soft, even shadows,” said the brand.
Z-Bar Gen 4, which is launching in 2022, comes in three sizes of desk lamp models and as a floor lamp.
The lamp was designed to have an improved quality of light
Additional compatible accessories include a desk clamp, wall mount and alternative bases such as a wireless charging Qi base.
The Pro version of the lamp features a USB port and an occupancy sensor that helps reduce unnecessary power consumption. It also has an adjustable colour temperature that users can alter to suit their circadian rhythm.
About Dezeen Showroom: Dezeen Showroom offers an affordable space for brands to launch new products and showcase their designers and projects to Dezeen’s huge global audience. For more details email showroom@dezeen.com.
Dezeen Showroom is an example of partnership content on Dezeen. Find out more about partnership content here.
The product design competition attracted more than 500 entries from which 18 Award Winners were selected – including the Best of Show!View the full content here
I know a retired couple that owns a small airplane. The husband has a civilian pilot’s license, and I was fascinated to learn that they routinely travel from New York to Colorado on vacation—by flying themselves. It’s an 8-hour flight, but “We always stop in Illinois, to make it 4 and 4,” the husband told me.
“Ah, to refuel?” I asked.
“No,” he said. “The plane can make it 8 hours. My bladder can only make it 4.”
For military pilots, the need to relieve oneself is even more of a problem. It’s a 10-hour flight from Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska to Anderson Air Force Base in Guam, a common military route. And when you’re in the tight cockpit of an F-35A Lightning II, you can’t exactly unbuckle your flight suit to pee into a Gatorade bottle, and expect to be ready to respond if a threat emerges.
An F-35A Lightning II assigned to the 354th Fighter Wing takes off during an Agile Combat Employment exercise at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, July 13, 2021. ACE exercises ensure the 354th FW is able to deploy, disperse and maneuver combat capability to create dilemmas for near-peer adversaries. (U.S. Air Force photo by Airman 1st Class Jose Miguel T. Tamondong)
To solve this, defense contractor Omni Defense Technologies has designed a pee-in-place system for military pilots, both male and female, called Skydrate. (The name references the fact that military pilots would routinely dehydrate themselves before a flight to avoid needing to pee, which obviously reduces combat effectiveness.) As you’d expect, the interface for the designs is wildly different by gender. While both systems contain a collection bag, a hose system and a pump to convey the fluid…
…the male system’s interface is a sheath-like cup to insert one’s junk into. This cup is held in place in a specially-designed pair of boxer briefs.
The female system consists of a pad that covers one’s junk, then is inflated against the body to form a seal. This pad is also held snugly in place by a specially-designed pair of underwear.
Obviously, the pilots don these systems in advance. I couldn’t find training videos for the new Skydrate system, but I did find some for what I believe is the previous generation, Omni’s Advanced Mission Extender Device, which appears similar. Here’s how you set up the male system:
Setting up the female system is obviously very different:
Due to anatomy, the female system proved the trickier design. “There was an emphasis on engineering solutions for female aircrew,” according to a statement from Air Combat Command Public Affairs. “Improvements include a larger collection bag, improved flow rate, multiple hose lengths, one-hand operation for on/off functionality, and more interface, or pad, sizes to account for anatomical differences in the wearer.” Thirty female air crew participated in testing at Omni’s facility, while nine female pilots flight-tested the systems.
One of those pilots was Maj. Nikki Yogi, who flies an F-35A for the 356th Fighter Squadron out of Eielson. “Yogi had a poor experience with her [earlier generation] device while deployed as an A-10C Thunderbolt II pilot in 2017,” the Air Combat Command statement reads. “As a junior pilot, she did not immediately raise the issue – something she wants to spare future female pilots. She has volunteered for a variety of equipment tests since returning from that deployment. “It’s important to provide feedback because it’s that feedback that drives change,’ she said.”
The Air Force has begun taking delivery of Skydrates this month, with distribution to aircrew scheduled for this Spring. But they’re also reviewing proposals for alternative designs from different vendors, seeking “innovative human interfaces,” they write. “A suite of bladder relief devices will give Airmen the opportunity to choose the most comfortable human interface option while allowing them to focus on executing the mission.”
The forest-themed meal box incorporates all of McDonald’s iconic branding and design values but with a fairytale-ish twist!
There’s a lot to be said for the amount of heat Mcdonald’s has gotten in the past few years for their non-sustainable practices. Although, we can deem this heat fruitful because the fast-food giant says it is attempting to make its Happy Meals greener! They intend to upgrade their packaging and make Happy Meal toys with recycled plastic or plastic sourced from renewable materials. But the fact of the matter remains that neither of these materials is really biodegradable. So, Malaysian designer Regina Lim decided to take matters into her own hand! She redesigned a ‘Happier Meal’ – one that is free of plastic, created from sustainable materials, and full of beautiful illustrations!
The entire box is inspired by the forests of East Malaysia where Lim grew up. “My parents took me out into nature as a child, and I thought it was important to teach the next generation to appreciate these spaces, which are dying off,” says Lim. “But I think it’s possible to teach kids about sustainability in a fun way.” The pack is adorned with magical depictions of flora, fauna, and McDonalds’ food products! The outer protective sleeve and the inner box are printed on a single sheet of paper, which is then folded artfully like Origami. This also transforms into an interesting infographic that shows us how seeds grow into trees – making the storytelling element a complete delight for kids!
The usual plastic Happy Meal toys are replaced by wooden sculptures of trees, and little 3D cardboard cutouts of animals – an elephant, zebra, and giraffe. Lim’s reimagined design omits a few of the design flaws that the original Happy Meal possesses. She says there is more space in the box to now accommodate fries, nuggets, a drink, toys, and other items. In fact, if you’ve noticed McDonald’s Happy Meal box cannot hold a drink. Our drink of choice is often provided to us in a drink holder, or another bag altogether. But Lim’s Happier Meal can store our favorite soda for us. In fact, the revamped meal box is even AR-enabled! You can scan the QR code on the box to kickstart an educational AR feature, which brings this mystical forest to life. This helps make the design more timeless instead of the usual ‘use and throw’ approach currently used.
Lim hopes that her inspirational prototype can encourage major companies like Mcdonald’s to “make small changes, (as) it can make a big difference because of the impact and influence they have.” Will McDonald’s be on board with this greener and prettier version of their beloved Happy Meal? Time will tell. Although, it is high time for a fresh change, and I’m sure everyone will be “lovin’ it”.
Portuguese practice Box Arquitectos has completed a narrow, white home in the dense urban centre of Ponta Delgado, with two volumes that face each other across a long garden.
With a site just over four metres wide, the local firm designed Windmill House to require minimal “transitioning spaces” such as corridors.
Windmill House is built on an infill site along a terraced residential street
The entire ground floor is given over to a large social space and kitchen that opens onto a central garden.
“The program develops without the need of transitioning or dividing spaces,” said Box Arquitectos. “The only social space of the house gains dimension in its depth when it finds the garden at the end of the space.”
A pale colour palette is used throughout the interior to create a brighter look
The garden is lined with white walls on either side and a built-in bench along one. Internal social spaces spill out onto a paved patio that surrounds a planted bed.
At the opposite end of the garden is an independent single-storey block housing an additional en-suite bedroom.
The entire ground floor is given over to a large social space
In the main home, a black floating-tread staircase leads up to the first floor, where small landing connects a bathroom and two bedrooms, one of which opens onto a terrace overlooking the garden.
What the practice describes as the “vertical perspective” of the home has been emphasised in the first-floor spaces through steeply sloping ceilings topped with skylights.
Two skylights illuminate the eastern bedroom and bathroom, while west-facing second bedroom looks out onto the street through the only window in the building’s front facade.
“The necessity to simulate a greater spatial amplitude is made possible by the skylights in the pitched roof, which receives the light and spreads it throughout the interior spaces, working as a ‘diaphragm’, increasing the ‘vertical perspective’,” the practice said.
The slanted roof is expressed inside the rooms on the upper level
Finishes throughout the interior have been kept pale to increase the feeling of light in the home, including plastered walls, and pale wooden doors and kitchen cabinets.
Externally, the crisp white form mirrors the characteristic shape of the neighbouring buildings but with few external features.
Social spaces spill out onto a paved patio to the rear
This creates what the practice describes as “the child’s imaginary drawing of a house – one door and one window”.
“The main facade is exclusively the boundary between interior and exterior, with no reason for a relation between both, besides being in its way,” it continued.
The garden is surrounded by whitewashed walls, while a terrace is accessed via the back bedroom
Our unhealthy practices and way of living are truly harmful to the environment and have been slowly leading to its deterioration. And the world has been changing (for the worse) because of this. Hence, it is extremely important to live sustainably and consciously and to take care of the environment. Integrating sustainability into our day-to-day lives has become crucial! And we can do this in various ways. Designers and creators are coming up with sustainable alternatives for almost everything! Every product that is necessary and utilized by us in our everyday routine has an eco-friendly alternative to it. Replacing our usual mass-produced designs with these greener options will make a huge difference to the environment and Mother Earth! And they would also make awesome Christmas presents, and encourage others to lead a more sustainable life as well! From a DIY wooden bicycle to sustainable mushroom lamps – we’ve curated a whole collection of sustainableproduct designs to help you and your loved ones go green!
1. Openbike
This bicycle made of plywood was created with an intent to get more people to focus on sustainability. The open-source design is called ‘Openbike’ and despite the obvious problems that come with a bike made from plywood, it is still an affordable and lightweight alternative to those who want to live on a budget but are also eco-conscious. You can download the files to build your own bike here! To fabricate the bike, you have to download the drawings from their website. Then you can take the drawings to a local digital fabrication workshop where the CNC machine cuts the body of the bicycle from plywood and uses 3D printing for elements such as the saddle, front hub, and hand grips which could also be recycled from old bikes depending on the resources available.
2. Mycelium + Timber
Teaming up with researcher Ninela Ivanova, British designer Sebastian Cox’s “Mycelium + Timber” examines the viability of mycelium as a potential material in commercial furniture design. The mycelium fibers are bound to scrap strips of willow wood, which provides the base and fodder for the fungus to grow. The result is the absolute antithesis of mass production. Designed in part by nature, each lamp is unique, has its own aesthetic, and is beautiful in its imperfections. The lamps take anywhere between 4-12 weeks to ‘grow’. The scrap willow wood is first sourced from Cox’s own woodland and cut into fine strips before being woven into shape and placed inside a mold. The mold is then filled with a fungus called fomes fomentarius, which was cultivated using more scrap strips of wood. Inside the mold, the mycelium and wood fuse together, creating a unique type of composite material.
3. Calzone
Calzone is a reusable folding plate, inspired by (you guessed it), the Italian crescent-shaped turnovers that are so loved by everyone. The colorful product is perfect for picnics and hikes, because not only can it store food, but it also functions as a plate! When folded, and closed in half, Calzone functions as a nifty little container, but when opened, it takes on a flat form and can be used as tableware to serve food. It’s the perfect replacement for one-time use zipper bags and plates! Created from medical-grade silicone, Calzone is safe enough to be placed in the refrigerator, freezer, microwave, and oven.
4. The Hana Sneakers
Sneaker culture is technically a part of fast fashion which contributes largely to the mounting waste problem. But if you can find a cool pair that is sustainably designed right down to its packaging, like the Hana sneakers then we’re all here for it! Designed by Italian sneaker brand ID.EIGHT, not only is this paid unisex and cruelty-free but it is made from materials that are by-products of the food industry and are counted as waste – apple skin and hearts, grape skin, seeds, and pineapple leaves! Inspired by the 90s with references to the navy look, the sustainable shoes express the ironic and dynamic style of ID.EIGHT. The contrast between the upper in white recycled polyester and the AppleSkin details in shades of red and blue create a mix of contemporary and light colors.
5. Boundary Supply Rennen Recycled Pouch
The Boundary Supply Rennen Recycled Pouch is an everyday bag created from 70% recycled materials, eco-fabrics, and yarns crafted from four recycled plastic bottles. As eco-friendly as the bag is, it is also extremely functional. It features a business card sleeve, a pocket sleeve, as well as a pen loop to store all your everyday necessities! It measures 8.5 inches wide, and 2 inches deep, providing sufficient space to store all your knick-knacks. The recycled pouch is available in three colors, so you can pick one according to your personal taste!
6. The Kawamboo Bamboo Coffee Press
The Kawamboo Bamboo Coffee Press is crafted from authentic bamboo wood, and each coffee press comes with its own unique natural pattern. Featuring a 12 fluid ounce capacity, the bamboo coffee maker can make enough coffee for one person at one ago. The outer bamboo body protects the glass, ensuring it lasts longer than the usual coffee makers. It’s also very easy to take apart and clean! The Kawamboo Bamboo Coffee Press is a sustainable and eco-friendly gift, with an interesting appearance, that would be much appreciated by whoever is lucky enough to receive it!
7. The Coarse Pottery Air-Humidifier
Led by Haibo Hou, the team of student designers produced the Coarse Pottery Air-Humidifier as a sustainable alternative to electric air humidifiers. Designed to moisten dry interior spaces, the Coarse Pottery Air-Humidifier almost appears like a radiator made from clay. The air humidifier is made from a type of pottery that contains just the right amount of porosity and moisture absorption qualities. By adding water to the Coarse Pottery Air-Humidifier’s basin, the droplets will gradually rise and evaporate through tiny cavities located near the Coarse Pottery Air-Humidifier’s top. As the water rises, the interior space’s air is moistened with small water droplets.
8. The Seventh Generation Beam
Seventh Generation’s goal is to limit harmful chemicals and they use plant-based ingredients, scents made from real ingredients, and no synthetic fragrances/dyes in their products. It encourages the importance of wellness is in our personal care, household products, and generally in our everyday lifestyle. The concept demands we expand our understanding of what nourishes us without harming the planet through beautiful and innovative design. The aim is to create 100% plastic-free packaging. The challenge is to rebrand a traditional product line and redesign the packaging system to be fully sustainable while utilizing no plastic or bioplastic. Biomaterials like tin, wood pulp, plant cellulose, food waste, grass, algae, and mushrooms are being considered.
9. The Lucca Bozzi Solar Charging Wallet
The Lucca Bozzi Solar Charging Wallet is an advanced wallet with a built-in battery that recharges your device on the go! It can provide almost ten hours of battery life to your iPhone, Android, and other gadgets. It comes with an integrated charging cable such as Lightning, micro-USB, USB Type-C, and more. Though at the end of the day, it’s still a wallet. It boasts a bi-fold style and is perfect for holding your bills, cards, and coins. Crafted from beautiful Italian leather, it has a sleek and stylish aesthetic.
10. Vento
Inspired by his desire “to reinvent the ways we use and produce energy,” on small-scale levels, Vento is not merely a bicycle light, as Bestenheider describes, but “a power plant, a way to question energy consumption, and an object to connect like-minded individuals. Vento is a mindset.” Composed of four main components, Vento is like a miniature wind turbine. Constructed from recycled plexiglass and aluminum, Vento’s microturbine harvests wind energy while the bicycle is in motion. Then, the energy is converted into electricity through electromagnetic induction that takes place in the turbine’s generator. The bicycle light’s battery then stores this energy and the LED bulb generates light. While moving in your bike, the wind is always whipping past you, so the light will always work when needed. Positioned conveniently right between the handlebars, Vento also features on/off and blinking switches for day use.
In the second Models Talk film published in collaboration with the Canadian Centre for Architecture, Japanese architect Kazuko Akamatsu explains how she used voids to create a feeling of openness at the Shibuya Stream skyscraper in Japan. Watch from 3:00pm London time.
The nine-minute video, aptly named A Matter of Void, takes viewers through the design process of creating the 37-storey skyscraper and retail complex in Shibuya, Tokyo.
Snippets of a scaled model are woven in between video footage of the finished building, as a voiceover by Akamatsu sheds light on how it is designed to connect visitors to the outside.
Shibuya Stream in Tokyo is the focus of the film A Matter of Void
A Matter of Void is one of three videos being published this week by the research institution and museum Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA) in partnership with Dezeen.
The film series, named Models Talk, explores recent architecture projects in Japan that address different urban issues. Each video is available to watch in Japanese with English subtitles.
Kazuko Akamatsu discusses the skyscraper’s design in the film with a scaled model
Shibuya Stream was developed by Akamatsu as part of Coelacanth and Associates, an architecture studio where she is a partner. In A Matter of Void, she focuses specifically on the design of the building’s lower levels, which are punctured by a series of voids.
The architect said these voids create a feeling of porosity and help visitors to connect to the outside, deliberately challenging more traditional skyscrapers that are designed as sealed-off environments.
“When you enter a typical high-rise building, you are completely enclosed by interior air,” Akamatsu explained.
“But here, we wanted users to see the outside,” she continued, “to feel what’s happening outside by interacting with the outdoor air.”
The voids that break up the Shibuya Stream serve primarily as semi-outdoor terraces. However, one of the largest ones incorporates a big open staircase.
Pointing at the scaled model in the video, Akamatsu explained how this stairway was designed to draw people up from the street and open up the building to the city.
Other voids in the building help bring in natural light, while others simply serve as visual links throughout the development.
“It’s nice to have visual contacts with various scenes in the building even if you cannot be there,” said Akamatsu. “This is the condition we wanted to create.”
The video highlights the tower’s large staircase
As part of the film, Akamatsu also uses the scaled model of Shibuya Stream to highlight the curved passage that runs through its ground floor.
This passage, which was modelled on an old train line that previously occupied the site, informed the zoning of the building’s lower levels. Shops and restaurants are left open to the passage and encouraged to spill out onto it, while terraces on the upper floors look down onto it.
Akamatsu graduated from Japan Women’s University in 1990, before joining Coelacanth and Associates and being promoted to partner in 2002.
Alongside practising as an architect, she is also a professor at Hosei University and lecturer at Kobe Design University.
Footage of the finished building is woven into the film
The three-part Models Talk series was produced by the CCA in collaboration with architectural curator Kayoko Ota and directed by architectural design firm Studio Gross.
It was carried out for the CCA c/o Tokyo programme, which is run by the institution with Ota to “develop research and projects, and to facilitate public engagement in Tokyo”.
On 8 December, the CCA will be hosting a live conversation at 8:00pm Montreal time with its director Giovanna Borasi, alongside Ota, Studio Gross and the architects featured in Model Talks. The panel will discuss the film series and the urban issues they address.
Attendance is free and registration is open here. To find out more about CCA c/o Tokyo, visit cca.qc.ca/tokyo.
Partnership content
This article was written by Dezeen for CCA as part of a partnership. Find out more about Dezeen partnership content here.
The row over how the fire-gutted Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris should be restored has restarted as plans to give the interior a tourist-friendly makeover are emerging.
Confessional boxes, altars and classical sculptures are set to be replaced with modern art murals and new light and sound effects designed to create “emotional spaces”, according to a report in the Daily Telegraph.
Visitors would be led on a “discovery trail” through themed chapels, including one with a strong environmental focus, under proposals seen by the newspaper. As part of the plans, quotes from the Bible would be projected onto chapel walls in various languages, including Mandarin.
However, the debate over the most appropriate way to renovate Notre-Dame was reignited last week when reports emerged about the planned revamp of the cathedral’s interiors.
Maurice Culot, a Paris-based architect and critic, told the Telegraph it was “as if Disney were entering Notre-Dame”.
“What they are proposing to do to Notre-Dame would never be done to Westminster Abbey or Saint Peter’s in Rome,” he said. “It’s a kind of theme park and very childish and trivial given the grandeur of the place.”
Maria Luisa Ceccarelli Lemut, a professor in medieval history at Pisa University, told the paper: “One should simply conduct restoration and not choose solutions that could alter the architectural layout or arbitrarily ‘modernise’ the edifice.”
Commission to review plans
The proposed changes relate mostly to parts of the cathedral that were left relatively unaffected by the fire, with the damaged elements still set to be restored to their former state.
Church officials involved in planning the renovation have argued the changes will help explain Christianity to the cathedral’s millions of annual visitors in a more accessible format.
France’s National Heritage and Architecture Commission will hear detailed proposals for Notre-Dame’s interior at a meeting next week.
Notre-Dame cathedral, in central Paris, was largely built in the 13th century but underwent a substantial restoration during the 19th century led by architect Viollet-le-Duc.
Ever have the urge to get away from it all and retreat to a cosy cabin somewhere quiet and remote? In the second roundup of our review of 2021, we pick out 10 of the best cabins on Dezeen this year, including a metal tube in Russia and a house on stilts in the Brazilian forest.
Elevated on a single column to minimise the size of its footprint, this striking, black-painted cabin is hidden within woodland near the Salamajärvi National Park in Finland.
Its designer, Studio Puisto, based the structure on the raised wooden huts used by indigenous Samí people to safely store food outdoors known as Niliaitta – though this version features most of the amenities of a modern hotel room.
Holly Water Cabin is a holiday home on a farm in Devon dreamed up by architecture studio Out of the Valley.
Constructed from multiple types of timber with a pitched roof and sliding doors opening onto a sheltered veranda, the cabin is intended to immerse guests in nature.
Like two lookout posts, La Tagua and La Loica are set 80 metres above the Pacific Ocean on a steep hillside in Navidad.
In an attempt to make the cabins blend in with their coastal surroundings, Croxatto and Opazo Architects clad them in reclaimed oak treated with petroleum oils to protect against corrosion from the salty air.
Amsterdam studio Woonpioniers created this cabin from pre-fabricated laminated timber, with the whole structure’s carbon footprint designed to be as small as possible.
The front of the house is dominated by large windows, while inside, the wooden walls curve upwards right to the roof’s apex.
This remarkable tubular house, balanced on the edge of a slope in Russia’s Nikola-Lenivets Art Park, was designed by Moscow’s chief architect, Sergey Kuznetsov.
“The idea was to create something with an element of magic,” he told Dezeen. Despite being 12 metres long and weighing around twice as much as a fully-grown elephant, the whole thing is held together by just six bolts.
Casa Tejida, which translates as woven house, takes its name from the facade of woven wood screens along the cabin’s side filtering light and air.
The house was designed by architect Santiago Pradilla and architecture collective Zuloark as a prototype for more sustainable, local forms of construction.
Built for a writer as a full-time workspace, this copper-clad cabin is nestled in a lakeside forest.
“The area is so lush and beautiful that we wanted to really capture the essence of it, to try to create a seamless transition between the inside and outside,” said Søren Leth, a founding partner of Sleth, which designed the house.
Wrapped in wooden shingles and mirrored aluminium tiles, The Seeds are a cluster of holiday cabins designed by ZJJZ Atelier for a woodland hotel in China’s southeastern Jiangxi province.
Each stilt-raised pod contains a bedroom, bathroom, storage area, attic lounging space and a front terrace.
Last but not least, Marko Brajovic‘s Monkey House was built as an isolated haven during the coronavirus pandemic.
It sits on a forest of slim stilts, a system Brajovic designed after observing how the Juçara palm tree native to the forest uses its roots to anchor its slim stem to the earth.
This is site is run by Sascha Endlicher, M.A., during ungodly late night hours. Wanna know more about him? Connect via Social Media by jumping to about.me/sascha.endlicher.
An F-35A Lightning II assigned to the 354th Fighter Wing takes off during an Agile Combat Employment exercise at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, July 13, 2021. ACE exercises ensure the 354th FW is able to deploy, disperse and maneuver combat capability to create dilemmas for near-peer adversaries. (U.S. Air Force photo by Airman 1st Class Jose Miguel T. Tamondong) 
